ABSTRACT
Resumen El presente estudio tuvo por objetivo analizar las características de artículos científicos publicados durante el último quindenio respecto a la atención en salud a personas trans en América Latina y el Caribe. Se desarrolló una revisión sistematizada de artículos publicados en cuatro bases de datos, entre los años 2005 y 2020, en la que se encontraron 20 estudios que fueron objeto de análisis. En su mayoría, estos dan cuenta de las percepciones que tienen las comunidades trans y, en menor frecuencia, las experiencias de los profesionales de la salud sobre la atención en salud. Los resultados permiten identificar barreras que influyen en los procesos de atención y los desafíos para mejorarla. Sobresale la formación deficiente e insuficiente en los profesionales sobre identidades trans y los enfoques diferenciales y afirmativos del género, y la necesidad de fortalecer los abordajes integrales entre las comunidades académicas, de la salud y la generación de políticas públicas transformativas.
Abstract Health care is important for the transitions of people with trans life experiences and to strengthen the processes of health and disease. Health professionals are educating and accompanying agents; however, the literature frequently reports that there are barriers perceived by professionals regarding their competencies to accompany such processes, in addition to others related to social representations regarding trans identities, the limited scientific evidence regarding the processes of gender reaffirmation and representing the communities themselves according to their historical and sociocultural characteristics. The aim of this study was to analyze the characteristics of scientific articles published during 15 years regarding health care for trans persons in Latin America and the Caribbean. A systematized review of articles published in four databases between 2005 and 2020 was carried out. 20 studies were analyzed in the research. Most of them report the perceptions of trans communities and, less frequently, the experiences of health professionals on health care. The results allow the identification of barriers that influence the processes of care and the challenges to improve it. The deficient and insufficient training of professionals on trans identities and differential and affirmative gender approaches stand out, as well as the need to strengthen comprehensive approaches among the academic and health communities and the generation of trans affirmative public policies. On the other hand, the results evidence a construction of science with respect to gender that is cisnormative and invisibilizes gender diversities. In addition, many of the studies establish vertical relationships between participants, including researchers, which generates research dynamics in which trans communities are considered more as informants and less as expert peers, community researchers or participants in a collaborative and co-creative research process. These findings support the need and renew the urgency to generate processes of knowledge construction with and for trans communities that allow nurturing educational, social, public policy and health spaces that represent their needs for gender transitions, in case the person considers so, and that welcome in an integral and humanized way the processes of health and disease. Research on health and health care in trans communities both in Colombia and in the rest of Latin America and the Caribbean does not show the implementation of health policies focused on the community and that respond to their health needs. Health professionals, around the world, should accompany from care actions focused on the processes of self-identification and self-determination of gender. Being recognized and made visible based on gender identities and expressions has a positive impact on the mental health of trans people and their well-being. In professional practice, it is important and essential to overcome the barriers of social inequality, promoting a critical social vision and understanding of the reality of this population. It is necessary to expand research from gender diversities and separate from the LGBTIQ+ umbrella given the complex social, cultural, biological, and psychological diversities faced by each community. As for health professionals, it is necessary to deepen the measurement and understanding of attitudes, knowledge, beliefs, skills and gaps identified by all staff, from doctors and nurses to institution managers. This in order to articulate and triangulate information and develop intervention programs aimed at comprehensive and accessible care, especially for their reports about the little information on sexual and gender diversity received during their professional training process and organizational culture. Finally, each country should develop clinical guidelines based on local, national, and international evidence that responds to the psychological and sociocultural needs and experiences of trans communities that include the process of gender transitions from hormone therapy, affirmative surgeries and other non-binary processes of gender expressions, family, psychosocial support, and community accompaniment.
ABSTRACT
Resumen El bienestar de las mujeres trans se ha visto afectado por el estigma, la discriminación, las altas brechas en salud, la falta de oportunidades laborales y educativas, además de la ausencia de apoyo social. Los profesionales de la salud juegan un papel importante dentro del bienestar y la salud de las mujeres trans, por tanto, en este estudio se planteó como objetivo reconocer el significado que tienen los profesionales de la salud sobre el bienestar en mujeres trans. Esta es una investigación cualitativa, diseño narrativo, en la cual participaron ocho profesionales de la salud (medicina, psicología y auxiliar de enfermería) con experiencia en atención a la comunidad, con quienes se realizó una entrevista en profundidad. Estos profesionales reconocen que el bienestar de las mujeres trans se ve afectado por múltiples factores socioculturales, económicos, relacionados con la salud mental, la discriminación a las que siguen expuestas, la transfobia internalizada y el poco apoyo familiar y social. Se requieren acciones concretas desde las entidades de salud, de educación superior y gubernamentales, que favorezcan procesos afirmativos de las mujeres trans, y la promoción en los procesos de atención en salud de la sensibilidad y compromiso con el desarrollo humano de estas mujeres a partir de la protección de sus derechos.
Abstract The well-being of trans women has been affected by stigma and discrimination, and great gaps in health, employment and educational opportunities and the absence of social support. The role of health professionals plays an important role in the well-being and health of trans women, therefore, the objective is to recognize the meaning that health professionals have on the well-being of trans women. Method: Qualitative research, narrative design. Eight health professionals (medicine, psychology, and nursing assistant) with experience in community care participated in an in-depth interview. In conclusion, the health professionals recognize that the well-being of trans women is affected by multiple sociocultural and economic factors related to mental health, discrimination to which they are still exposed, internalized transphobia, and the lack of family and social support. Concrete actions are required from health, higher education, and governmental entities capable of favoring affirmative processes for trans women and promoting in healthcare processes the sensitivity and commitment to their human development based on the protection of their rights.
ABSTRACT
El objetivo del presente estudio es identificar la relación entre las variables, habilidades funcionales e integración social del adulto mayor y conocer si existen diferencias en función del sexo, la edad y el estado civil. Los resultados muestran diferencias significativas en la integración social en función del estado civil, siendo mayor en los adultos mayores solteros y viudos. En función de la edad, se encuentran diferencias significativas en las habilidades funcionales, siendo mayor en los adultos entre los 60 y 65 años. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en función del sexo. Se concluye que la autonomía y las habilidades funcionales del adulto mayor están estrechamente relacionadas con la frecuencia de las actividades físicas y de integración social, lo que favorece su calidad de vida y obstaculiza la aparición de cambios biopsicosociales significativos en esta etapa.
The objective of this study is to identify the relationship between variables: functional abilities and social integration of older persons and to know whether there were differences according to sex, age and marital status. The results show significant differences in social integration on the basis of marital status, being higher in the elderly unmarried and widowed; Depending on age there are significant differences in functional abilities, being higher in adults between 60 and 65 years. There were no significant differences according to sex. The conclusion is that the autonomy and functional abilities of the Elderly are closely related to the frequency of physical activities and social integration, which promotes the quality of life of older people and hampering the emergence of significant biopsychosocial changes in this stage of life.